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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

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Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
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Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

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AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
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Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

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Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
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Distal Ureteral Calculus or Deflux Calcification?

Evan Spencer1, Jacob Baber2, Mark Ferretti2

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Dextranomer-hyaluronic acid implants can calcify and mimic kidney stones on CT scans. Recognizing these asymptomatic calcifications prevents misdiagnosis and unnecessary procedures.

Keywords:
dextranomer-hyaluronic acidureteral stonesurolithiasisvesicoureteral reflux

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Radiology
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Dextranomer-hyaluronic acid implants are widely used for various urologic conditions.
  • Calcification of these implants is a known but often overlooked complication.
  • Over 50,000 such implants have been performed since 2001.

Observation:

  • A 21-year-old woman presented with symptoms suggestive of obstructive uropathy.
  • Abdominal CT revealed bilateral ureteral calculi, but symptoms were mild.
  • A history of a childhood urologic procedure was vaguely recalled.

Findings:

  • Renal ultrasonography showed bilateral ureteral jets, indicating no obstruction.
  • The patient was diagnosed with nonobstructing bilateral dextranomer-hyaluronic acid calcifications.
  • Symptoms resolved with antibiotics, suggesting a co-existing urinary tract infection.

Implications:

  • Accurate diagnosis of implant calcification is crucial for appropriate management.
  • Misidentification of calcifications can lead to unnecessary radiation and anesthesia.
  • Clinicians should consider implant calcification in patients with ureteral calculi and mild symptoms, especially if a history of implantation is present.