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Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Three-dimensional Optical-resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy

Three-dimensional Optical-resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy

Published on: May 3, 2011

Extending Imaging Depth in PLD-Based Photoacoustic Imaging: Moving Beyond Averaging.

Sowmiya Chandramoorthi, Arun Kumar Thittai

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control

|August 14, 2020

Summary

This study enhances photoacoustic tomography (PAT) imaging depth by combining pulsed laser diodes (PLDs) with sub-pitch translation and frame averaging. This improves sensitivity for deeper, clearer images.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Imaging
Optical Physics
Acoustics

Background:

Pulsed laser diodes (PLDs) offer advantages for photoacoustic tomography (PAT) like portability and cost-effectiveness.
PLD-based PAT systems typically have limited imaging depth compared to solid-state lasers due to lower pulse energy.
Frame averaging is a common technique to enhance signal-to-noise ratio in high pulse repetition frequency (PRF) PLD systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the feasibility of increasing depth sensitivity in PLD-based PAT systems.
To evaluate the combined effect of sub-pitch translation and frame averaging on imaging depth.
To optimize PLD-based PAT for improved performance.

Main Methods:

Implemented sub-pitch translation on the receive-side ultrasound transducer.
Combined sub-pitch translation with frame averaging techniques.
Conducted experiments on phantoms with diluted India ink targets at varying laser energy levels (21 µJ and 27 µJ).

Main Results:

Achieved an approximate 38.5% improvement in imaging depth (9.1 to 12.6 mm) at 21 µJ using λ/4-pitch translation and 128-frame averaging.
Observed a ~33.3% increase in imaging depth (10.8 to 14.4 mm) at 27 µJ with λ/4-pitch translation and 128-frame averaging.
Noted a reduction in achievable frame rate by factors of 2 and 4 for λ/2 and λ/4 sub-pitch translation, respectively.

Conclusions:

Combining sub-pitch translation with frame averaging significantly enhances depth sensitivity in PLD-based PAT.
The developed method offers a viable approach to overcome depth limitations in portable PLD-based PAT systems.
Trade-offs exist between improved imaging depth and reduced frame rates, requiring careful consideration for specific applications.