Removal of phenolic compounds from aqueous solution using MgCl₂-impregnated activated carbons derived from olive...

Activated carbon (BC) prepared from olive oil solid waste (olive husk) by slow pyrolysis was chemically activated using MgCl₂ (BC-MgCl₂). The BC and BC-MgCl₂ were used as adsorbents for removal of three phenolic compounds, namely, phenol (P), p-methoxyphenol (PMP) and p-nitrophenol (PNP), from aqueous solution. The uptake of these three phenolic compounds by the BC and BC-MgCl₂ was better expressed by the Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models than by the Freundlich isotherm, and the kinetics of the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of P, PMP and PNP were increased from 24.938, 45.455 and 61.728 on BC to 43.860, 98.039 and 121.951 mg/g on BC-MgCl₂ by factors of 1.76, 2.16 and 1.98, respectively. Therefore, the chemical activation of BC by MgCl₂ is indeed of importance for improving its adsorption performances. For both adsorbents, the adsorption phenomenon for different substituted phenols is a strong function of solubility, polarity, molecule structure, and size. At the tested temperatures (25, 35 and 45 °C), the negative values of ΔG° and positive values of ΔH° and ΔS° for the adsorption of P, PMP and PNP on BC and BC-MgCl₂ demonstrated that the adsorption was a spontaneous, endothermic and entropy-increasing process.