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A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
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The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
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Research and Development of High-performance Explosives
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Structural Transformation and Chemical Stability of a Shock-Compressed Insensitive High Explosive Single Crystal:

J M Winey1, Kurt Zimmerman1, Zbigniew A Dreger1,2

  • 1Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
|August 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insensitive high explosives like FOX-7 show a structural transformation under shock, strengthening bonds and preventing decomposition. This molecular response explains their reduced sensitivity to detonation compared to conventional explosives.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry
  • Physics

Background:

  • Insensitive high explosives (IHEs) are safer alternatives to conventional explosives but their low sensitivity mechanism is not fully understood.
  • Direct, real-time molecular-level insights into shock-compressed IHE single crystals are needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular-level response of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7) single crystals under shock compression.
  • To determine time-resolved changes in Raman spectra of shock-compressed FOX-7.

Main Methods:

  • Plate impact experiments were used to shock-compress FOX-7 single crystals up to 20 GPa.
  • Time-resolved Raman spectroscopy (15 ns resolution) was employed to monitor spectral changes.

Main Results:

  • A structural transformation (α'-ε) was observed between 4-10 GPa, indicated by new Raman peaks.
  • No chemical decomposition was detected up to 20 GPa, unlike conventional explosives.
  • The observed transformation strengthens intra- and intermolecular bonds in FOX-7.

Conclusions:

  • The α'-ε structural transformation in FOX-7 is responsible for its insensitivity to shock initiation.
  • This study provides crucial experimental data on the molecular response of shock-compressed IHEs.
  • Results serve as a benchmark for theoretical modeling of IHE behavior.