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Related Concept Videos

Energetics of Solution Formation02:35

Energetics of Solution Formation

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, which is a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Formation of the solution requires the solute–solute and solvent–solvent...
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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
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Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
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There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:
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Spontaneity

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A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of energy from an external source. Processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under a given set of conditions. Water will naturally flow downhill (spontaneous process), but uphill flow (nonspontaneous process) requires outside intervention such as the use of a pump. Iron exposed to...
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Spontaneous Emulsification: Elucidation of the Local Processes.

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In vitro Digestion of Emulsions in a Single Droplet via Multi Subphase Exchange of Simulated Gastrointestinal Fluids
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Pathways to Agitated and Spontaneous Emulsification.

Monicka Kullappan1, Manoj K Chaudhury1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|August 14, 2020
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Summary

This study explores oil-in-salinized water emulsification using mixed surfactants. Air bubbles enhance submicroscopic droplet formation, while polymers influence droplet size and stability, impacting spontaneous emulsification.

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Area of Science:

  • Colloid and Surface Science
  • Materials Science
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Emulsification is crucial in various industrial processes.
  • Understanding interfacial properties is key to controlling emulsion formation and stability.
  • Existing models for turbulent emulsification have limitations, especially for nanoscale droplets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the emulsification of dodecane and diesel fuel in salinized water under different conditions.
  • To elucidate the role of interfacial properties and external factors (air bubbles, polymers) in emulsion formation.
  • To compare experimental droplet sizes with predictions from a capillary hydrodynamic model.

Main Methods:

  • Interfacial property measurements using du-Nouy ring, drop resonance vibrometry, and Langmuir film balance.
  • Droplet size analysis via optical microscopy, acoustic attenuation spectroscopy, and hydrodynamic flow fractionation.
  • Comparison with a capillary hydrodynamic model for turbulent systems.

Main Results:

  • Interfacial properties significantly influence emulsification.
  • Air bubbles promote submicroscopic emulsion droplet formation.
  • Water-soluble polymers enhance droplet ripening, while oil-soluble polymers inhibit it.
  • A capillary hydrodynamic model is effective for micron-sized droplets but not nanometer-sized ones.

Conclusions:

  • Emulsification is controllable through interfacial engineering and additives like air bubbles and polymers.
  • Nanodroplet formation requires mechanisms beyond simple turbulent fluctuation models.
  • Polymers can stabilize or destabilize emulsions via osmotic and interfacial effects, relevant to spontaneous emulsification.