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Related Concept Videos

Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

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Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
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Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Intellectual Disability

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Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
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Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
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Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age
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[Dyslexia as a multideficit disorder].

S Yu Surushkina1, E A Yakovenko1, L S Chutko1

  • 1N.Bekhtereva Institute of Human Brain Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.

Zhurnal Nevrologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova
|August 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This review examines dyslexia, exploring genetic and environmental factors. Research indicates dyslexia involves neurocognitive deficits in attention, memory, processing speed, and skill automation, suggesting a multifactorial disorder.

Keywords:
cortexindyslexiaexecutive functionslearning disability

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Dyslexia is a complex learning disorder affecting reading acquisition.
  • Its etiology is debated, with potential genetic and environmental influences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current research on the causes and nature of dyslexia.
  • To synthesize findings from neurophysiological and neuropsychological studies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on dyslexia.
  • Analysis of neurophysiological and neuropsychological study results.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests both genetic and environmental factors contribute to dyslexia.
  • Neurocognitive deficits are consistently observed, including issues with attention, working memory, information processing speed, and skill automation.

Conclusions:

  • Dyslexia is characterized by disturbances in higher mental functions.
  • The disorder is best understood as multifactorial and multideficit.