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Related Concept Videos

Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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Myocarditis III: Medical Management01:14

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Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...
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Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

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Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 12, 2025

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Encephalomyocarditis virus infection in alpacas.

T W O'Connor1, D S Finlaison1, L K Manning1

  • 1NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, New South Wales, 2568, Australia.

Australian Veterinary Journal
|August 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) caused fatal disease in farmed alpacas in New South Wales. Real-time PCR detected EMCV in blood and organs, confirming it as a key diagnosis for sick alpacas.

Keywords:
Cardiovirusalpacaencephalomyocarditis virus

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Camelid Pathology

Background:

  • Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is a known pathogen affecting various animal species.
  • Alpacas (Vicugna pacos) are increasingly important livestock, making them susceptible to novel disease threats.

Observation:

  • EMCV infection was diagnosed in six adult alpacas across three properties in New South Wales, Australia.
  • Clinical signs included inappetence, colic, recumbency, and death, with necropsy revealing myocardial pallor and pulmonary congestion.
  • Viral RNA was detected in blood, organs, and swabs; EMCV was isolated from blood and organs of affected animals.

Findings:

  • Histopathology confirmed acute myocardial degeneration and necrosis in all examined hearts and meningoencephalitis in one brain.
  • Real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) proved effective for detecting EMCV RNA in various sample types.
  • EMCV isolation from blood and organs confirmed the causative agent in these fatal cases.

Implications:

  • This study reports the first instance of EMCV disease in farmed alpacas.
  • EMCV infection should be considered a critical differential diagnosis for acute, fatal conditions in alpacas.
  • Blood samples are suitable for EMCV detection using qRT-PCR, in addition to traditional tissue samples.