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Updated: Dec 12, 2025

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Phosphorylated kraft lignin with improved thermal stability.

Cong Gao1, Long Zhou2, Shuangquan Yao3

  • 1Department of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China; Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|August 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Phosphorylated kraft lignin (PKL) was synthesized using a green phosphating reagent. This novel PKL material exhibits enhanced thermal stability, making it a promising candidate for flame-retardant applications.

Keywords:
BiorefiningLigninPhosphorylated ligninPhosphorylationThermal stability

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Kraft lignin (KL) is a low-cost, eco-friendly, and reproducible biomass resource.
  • Developing green materials from lignin is crucial for sustainable development.
  • Lignin modification can enhance its properties for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a sustainable process for phosphorylating kraft lignin.
  • To investigate the effect of reaction parameters on lignin phosphorylation.
  • To evaluate the thermal properties of the resulting phosphorylated kraft lignin (PKL).

Main Methods:

  • Kraft lignin was phosphorylated using ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4) and urea.
  • Reaction parameters including time, temperature, and reagent ratio were optimized.
  • Characterization was performed using 1H NMR, 31P NMR, and XPS.

Main Results:

  • Phosphorus groups were successfully incorporated into the kraft lignin structure.
  • The phosphorylation process involved nucleophilic substitution of hydroxyl groups.
  • PKL demonstrated significantly improved thermal stability compared to KL, with a maximum decomposition temperature of 620 °C versus 541 °C.

Conclusions:

  • A sustainable method for producing phosphorylated kraft lignin (PKL) was established.
  • PKL exhibits superior thermal stability, indicating potential as a flame-retardant material.
  • This research highlights the potential of lignin valorization for creating high-performance green materials.