Effect of Systemic Adipose-derived Stem Cell Therapy on Functional Nerve Regeneration in a Rodent Model

Regardless of etiology, peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) result in disruption/loss of neuromuscular junctions, target muscle denervation, and poor sensorimotor outcomes with associated pain and disability. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have shown promise in neuroregeneration. However, there is a paucity of objective assessments reflective of functional neuroregeneration in experimental PNI. Here, we use a multimodal, static, and dynamic approach to evaluate functional outcomes after ASC therapy in a rodent PNI model.

Lewis rats were divided into 3 groups: 10 mm sciatic nerve resection ("CUT" group; n = 10), transection and repair ("REP" group; n = 10), transection and repair plus single-dose ASCs ("ASC" group; n = 12). Allogeneic (Brown Norway rat) ASCs (1 × 10⁶) were administered intravenously on postoperative day 1. Functional outcome was assessed by static sciatic index, toe spread factor, and a dynamic swim test on a weekly basis for 6 weeks. Sciatic nerves and gastrocnemius muscles were harvested at endpoint (6 weeks) for histological analysis.

The ASC group showed accelerated functional recovery on the swim test at 2 weeks postoperatively, with continued improvement over 4 weeks, culminating in superior overall outcomes at 6 weeks compared with the REP group. The CUT group showed no significant improvement from baseline. Nerve histomorphometry correlated well with the swim test results in the ASC group. Gastrocnemius muscle weights showed no difference between the REP and the ASC groups.

Our study confirms that early, single dose, systemic administration of ASC after PNI accelerates and enhances overall motor recovery on static and dynamic functional tests as evidenced by improvements in voluntary as well as involuntary motions.