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Related Concept Videos

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own...
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Reticular Dermis01:15

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The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
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Epidermal resident γδ T cell development and function in skin.

Yingping Xu1,2, Peter Dimitrion2,3,4, Steven Cvetkovski2,3,4

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Summary

Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) are crucial for skin immunity and injury sensing. This review explores their origins, homeostasis, and roles in skin diseases, focusing on molecular mechanisms.

Keywords:
Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs)DevelopmentFunctionSkin diseasesγδ T cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Dermatology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Epidermal resident γδ T cells, known as dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) in mice, are a conserved immune cell population in the skin.
  • DETCs play vital roles in regulating immune responses and sensing skin injury.
  • Despite significant research, the precise origin and molecular mechanisms governing DETC development and function remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the origin and homeostasis of DETCs.
  • To highlight the transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms influencing DETC biology.
  • To discuss the involvement of DETCs in the pathogenesis of various skin diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on DETCs.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on transcriptional and epigenetic regulation.
  • Synthesis of findings related to DETC function in skin homeostasis and disease.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies have shed light on the developmental pathways and maintenance of DETCs within the epidermis.
  • Transcriptional and epigenetic factors are increasingly recognized as key regulators of DETC identity and function.
  • Emerging evidence implicates DETCs in the immune surveillance and progression of skin pathologies.

Conclusions:

  • A deeper understanding of DETC origin and molecular regulation is crucial for advancing skin immunology.
  • DETCs represent a promising target for therapeutic interventions in skin diseases.
  • Continued research into DETC biology will enhance our knowledge of skin immunity and disease.