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Related Concept Videos

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

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Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
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Thermometers and Temperature Scales

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Any physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on temperature can be used as the basis of a thermometer. For example, volume increases with temperature for most substances. This property is the basis for the common alcohol thermometer and the original mercury thermometers. Other properties used to measure temperature include electrical resistance, color, and the emission of infrared radiation.
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Thermal Strain

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Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 11, 2025

Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers
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Ultrathin Highly Flexible Featherweight Ceramic Temperature Sensor Arrays.

Tomohiko Nakajima1, Tetsuo Tsuchiya1

  • 1Advanced Coating Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|August 19, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Highly flexible perovskite thermistor sensor arrays were developed on ultrathin polyimide sheets for healthcare monitoring. These durable sensors offer rapid, stable temperature detection on skin during physical activity.

Keywords:
bio-monitoringfilm thermistorsflexible deviceslaser processingtemperature sensors

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Sensor Technology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Flexible electronics are crucial for wearable healthcare devices.
  • Perovskite materials offer unique sensing properties.
  • Developing robust and sensitive temperature sensors for real-time monitoring is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate highly flexible Sr- and Ni-doped SmMnO3 perovskite thermistor film sensor arrays.
  • To evaluate their performance for healthcare monitoring applications, focusing on temperature sensing capabilities.
  • To assess the durability and stability of the sensor arrays under various conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of ultrathin (5 μm) and lightweight (21 mg) polyimide sheets.
  • Preparation of Ag nanowire/nanoparticle-impregnated carbon microcone array electrodes via laser carbonization.
  • Crystallization of perovskite thermistor films using pulsed UV laser irradiation.
  • Testing of thermistor performance (thermistor constant: 2820 K), temperature response, and stability over 1000 cycles (RT-80 °C).
  • Evaluation of bending durability (60° angle, 500 μm radius) over 1000 cycles.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a low-resistance, stable bottom electrode with good bending stability.
  • Developed a functional perovskite thermistor film with a high thermistor constant.
  • Demonstrated rapid temperature response and high stability over 1000 temperature cycles.
  • Confirmed excellent bending durability, with temperature variation suppressed within 0.1 °C after 1000 bending cycles.
  • Successfully utilized the sensor for real-time human skin temperature monitoring during physical exercise.

Conclusions:

  • The developed ultrathin, flexible perovskite thermistor sensor arrays are suitable for wearable healthcare monitoring.
  • The sensor exhibits excellent thermal sensing performance, stability, and durability.
  • This technology enables precise, real-time temperature monitoring on variable body surfaces.