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Geocoding Error, Spatial Uncertainty, and Implications for Exposure Assessment and Environmental Epidemiology.

Ellen J Kinnee1, Sheila Tripathy2, Leah Schinasi2,3

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Geocoding methods in environmental epidemiology studies significantly impact exposure accuracy. Different geocoding techniques yield varying errors, affecting pollution exposure estimates and potentially health effect analyses.

Keywords:
exposure misclassificationgeocoding errorgeographic information systems (GIS)spatial analysisspatial uncertaintyurban epidemiology

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental epidemiology
  • Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
  • Spatial analysis

Background:

  • Geocoding is crucial for spatial exposure estimation in environmental epidemiology.
  • Geocoding methods and their associated errors are often underreported.
  • Inaccurate geocoding can lead to significant exposure misclassification, especially with advanced exposure models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the accuracy and error patterns of three geocoding methods: Address Point, Street Segment, and Parcel Centroid.
  • To quantify the impact of geocoding errors on pollution exposure estimates and sociodemographic characterization.
  • To develop spatial error surfaces for identifying areas with potential exposure over- or under-estimation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a dataset of 21,183 asthma emergency department visits in New York City.
  • Geocoded residential addresses using Address Point, Street Segment, and Parcel Centroid methods.
  • Quantified missingness rates, spatial patterns of missingness, distance/directional errors, and impacts on air pollution exposure and Census area assignment.

Main Results:

  • Parcel Centroids exhibited the highest missingness rate (38.1%), with significant spatial clustering across all methods.
  • Street Segment geocodes showed the largest mean distance error (29.2 m).
  • Substantial over- and under-estimation of pollution exposures occurred, particularly at higher concentrations, with minimal impact on Census area assignment.

Conclusions:

  • Geocoding method choice significantly influences spatial exposure accuracy in epidemiological studies.
  • Understanding and quantifying geocoding errors is essential for accurate exposure misclassification assessment.
  • Developing spatial error surfaces aids in identifying and mitigating geocoding-related biases in health effect estimates.