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Types of Impact

Types of Impact

Impacts can be classified in various forms, primarily under two subgroups: central impact and oblique impact. A central impact occurs when two objects collide head-on, possessing opposite velocities aligned along the line of impact. Conversely, an oblique impact occurs when two objects collide at an angle, resulting in a modification of both direction and velocity.
The coefficient of restitution is a metric for understanding the dynamics of impacts. It quantifies the ratio of relative velocity...

Impact

Impact

Impact occurs when two bodies collide, leading to the application of impulsive forces between them. Analyzing impact mechanics involves considering two colliding particles moving along a line known as the line of impact, which passes through their centers and is perpendicular to the contact plane.
When particles with different initial velocities collide, they induce deformation by applying equal and opposite impulses. At the point of maximum deformation, the particles move together with...

Impact Loading

Impact loading occurs when a moving object collides with a stationary structure, such as a rod with a uniform cross-sectional area fixed at one end. Under these conditions, the rod absorbs the kinetic energy from the striking object, leading to deformation and subsequent stress development. As the rod returns to its original position and reaches maximum stress, the absorbed energy, initially manifested as kinetic energy, transforms entirely into strain energy.
In cases of elastic deformation,...

Impact: Problem Solving

Impact: Problem Solving

In an experiment conducted during a Mars mission, a rover propels a projectile with an initial velocity, and the projectile rebounds after colliding with the Martian surface. To ascertain the maximum height attained by the projectile after this collision, the known restitution coefficient and acceleration due to gravity are employed.
By designating the launch point as the origin and utilizing kinematic equations, the vertical component of the projectile's velocity at the point of impact is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 11, 2025

A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact

A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact

Published on: September 21, 2017

Describing headform pose and impact location for blunt impact testing.

Mark Jesunathadas¹, Trenton E Gould¹, Thomas A Plaisted¹

¹School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States; CCDC Army Research Laboratory, Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States.

Journal of Biomechanics

|August 19, 2020

Summary

Standardizing how anthropomorphic test device (ATD) head impacts are reported is crucial for reducing sports-related brain injuries. This study proposes a new method to clearly describe ATD pose and impact location in head impact testing.

Keywords:

Anthropomorphic test dummy Head impact Impact location

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Published on: April 18, 2019

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Sports Medicine
Injury Prevention

Background:

Reproducing anthropomorphic test device (ATD) head impact test methods is vital for developing technologies to reduce sports-related brain injury.
A lack of consensus exists regarding the reporting of ATD pose and impact location, hindering industry and research efforts.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore current methods for reporting impact location and ATD head pose in sport-related head impact testing.
To provide recommendations for standardizing these descriptions to improve consistency and reproducibility.

Main Methods:

Conducted a database search and exclusion process to identify relevant articles (137 met review criteria).
Analyzed the methods used in the literature for describing ATD pose and impact location.
Proposed a novel method for unambiguously conveying impact location and ATD pose.

Main Results:

Only 4 out of 137 reviewed articles used a reporting method similar to the one proposed.
The proposed method relies on the sequence, quantifiable design, and articulation of ATD mount joints.
The proposed method has seen limited use in existing literature.

Conclusions:

A standardized method for reporting ATD headform pose and impact location is needed.
Adoption of the proposed method will enhance the standardization and replication of head impact test protocols.
Standardized reporting will facilitate the development of effective brain injury prevention strategies in sports.