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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Quantitative and Temporal Control of Oxygen Microenvironment at the Single Islet Level

Quantitative and Temporal Control of Oxygen Microenvironment at the Single Islet Level

Published on: November 17, 2013

Implementation of the HIF activator IOX-2 in routine doping controls - Pilot study data.

Christian Görgens¹, Sven Guddat¹, Christina Bosse¹

¹Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.

Drug Testing and Analysis

|August 19, 2020

Summary

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activator IOX-2, a racehorse doping agent, can be detected using existing methods due to shared ion pairs with roxadustat. New metabolites enhance detection capabilities.

Keywords:

HIF activator IOX-2 human urine roxadustat sports drug testing

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Quantitative and Temporal Control of Oxygen Microenvironment at the Single Islet Level

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Published on: November 17, 2013

High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents HPHC

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High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: April 23, 2019

Area of Science:

* Analytical Chemistry
* Biochemistry
* Veterinary Pharmacology

Background:

* The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activator IOX-2 emerged as a doping agent in racehorses in early 2020.
* IOX-2's composition has been known and monitored in human doping controls, prompting a review of its detectability in sports drug testing.
* Existing analytical methods for sports drug testing were evaluated for their capability to detect IOX-2.

Purpose of the Study:

* To assess the detectability of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activator IOX-2 in routine doping controls.
* To investigate the shared analytical characteristics between IOX-2 and roxadustat (FG-4592).
* To identify major metabolites of IOX-2 for improved detection and confirmation procedures.

Main Methods:

* Analysis of precursor/product ion pairs shared between IOX-2 and roxadustat (FG-4592).
* Application of existing initial testing procedures in routine doping controls.
* Identification of hydroxylated IOX-2 and its glucuronic acid conjugates in a microdose elimination study.

Main Results:

* IOX-2 and roxadustat (FG-4592) share identical precursor/product ion pairs, allowing co-detection in initial testing for unconjugated analytes.
* Hydroxylated IOX-2 and its glucuronic acid conjugates were identified as major metabolites.
* The shared analytical properties and identified metabolites enhance the capabilities of initial testing and confirmation procedures.

Conclusions:

* Existing doping control methods are capable of co-detecting IOX-2 and roxadustat due to shared ion pairs.
* The identification of IOX-2 metabolites provides crucial information for developing more robust and sensitive detection strategies.
* These findings contribute to enhanced anti-doping efforts in equine sports by improving the detection of HIF activators.