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Aging01:26

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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are...
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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
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Changes in the intracellular microenvironment in the aging human brain.

Dinesh K Deelchand1, J Riley McCarten2, Laura S Hemmy3

  • 1Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

Neurobiology of Aging
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Normal brain aging alters the intracellular microenvironment. Older adults show higher neurochemical diffusion and shorter T2 relaxation times, indicating changes in the aging brain

Keywords:
ADCDiffusionMagnetic resonance spectroscopyT(2)Young

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biophysics
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Normal brain aging involves widespread changes.
  • The brain's intracellular microenvironment is crucial for function.
  • Understanding these changes is key to aging research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related differences in the brain's intracellular microenvironment.
  • To compare apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) and T2 relaxation times of neurochemicals between young and older adults.
  • To explore region-specific variations in these age-related changes.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited 32 young (18-22 years) and 26 older (70-83 years) healthy adults.
  • Studied three brain regions (prefrontal, posterior cingulate, occipital cortices) at 3T.
  • Measured ADC and T2 for five neurochemicals using specific MRI sequences.

Main Results:

  • Neurochemical diffusivities were higher in older adults compared to younger adults.
  • Shorter apparent T2 values for several metabolites were observed in older adults.
  • Age-related differences in ADC and T2 were region-specific.

Conclusions:

  • Feasible to observe age-related differences in the neurochemical cellular microenvironment.
  • Findings provide insights into the biophysical changes during normal brain aging.
  • Highlights the potential of MRI to detect subtle aging-related alterations.