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COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, and Export Controls.

Piers Millett1, Paul Rutten1

  • 1Piers Millett, PhD, is Vice President for Safety and Security, iGEM Foundation, Boston, MA; and a Senior Research Fellow, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Paul Rutten, MRes, is a PhD Student, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

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Summary

Export controls for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) create ambiguity. Revisions to these controls, focusing on sequence, disease, or function, are proposed to balance security with research needs.

Keywords:
COVID-19Dual-use scienceExport controlsInternational coordinationSARS

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Biosecurity
  • Public Health Policy

Background:

  • Export controls aim to prevent biological weapons proliferation but can impede vital research.
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), presents unique challenges for export control application.
  • Current export control lists, based on taxonomic and genetic factors, create ambiguity for SARS-CoV-2 research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the applicability of export controls to SARS-CoV-2.
  • To identify ambiguities in current export control systems concerning SARS-CoV-2.
  • To propose revisions for export control systems to better support research while maintaining security.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing export control regulations and lists.
  • Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 taxonomy and genetic characteristics in relation to control criteria.
  • Exploration of alternative approaches for export control listing.

Main Results:

  • Current export controls for SARS-CoV-2 are based on outdated or ambiguous criteria.
  • The application of export controls can unintentionally hinder critical research and development efforts.
  • Existing systems lack clarity, leading to uncertainty for researchers and institutions.

Conclusions:

  • Export control systems require revision to address the specific nature of SARS-CoV-2.
  • Short, medium, and long-term strategies, including sequence, disease, and function-based approaches, are needed.
  • Revised controls can enhance biosecurity without stifling essential scientific advancement during pandemics.