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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Packaging02:21

Chromatin Packaging

20.7K
Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order...
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Chromatin Packaging01:32

Chromatin Packaging

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
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Chromatin Packaging02:21

Chromatin Packaging

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Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops...
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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

7.0K
The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP02:36

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP

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Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based technique used to identify sites on DNA that bind to transcription factors of interest or histone proteins. It also helps determine the type of histone modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation.
Types of ChIP
ChIP can be divided into two types - X-ChIP and N-ChIP. X-ChIP involves in vivo cross-linking of histones and regulatory proteins to DNA, fragmenting the DNA by sonication, and isolating the protein-DNA...
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Updated: Dec 11, 2025

CRISPR-Mediated Reorganization of Chromatin Loop Structure
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4C-Seq: Interrogating Chromatin Looping with Circular Chromosome Conformation Capture.

Nezih Karasu1,2,3,4, Tom Sexton5,6,7,8

  • 1Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|August 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Circular chromosome conformation capture (4C-seq) offers a cost-effective method to study chromatin interactions and looping events. This study details the principles and procedures for successfully designing and implementing 4C-seq experiments.

Keywords:
Chromatin fixationChromatin loopsCircular chromosome conformation captureGenome topologyHigh-throughput sequencingInverse PCRLigationRestriction digestion

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Microscopic methods offer limited resolution and throughput for interrogating chromatin topology.
  • Chromosome conformation capture techniques have advanced the study of 3D genome organization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the principles and procedures for designing and implementing 4C-seq experiments.
  • To highlight 4C-seq as a versatile and cost-effective method for assessing chromatin interactions.

Main Methods:

  • 4C-seq (circular chromosome conformation capture) coupled with high-throughput sequencing.
  • Detailed experimental design and implementation protocols.

Main Results:

  • 4C-seq provides superior resolution and throughput compared to microscopic methods for chromatin topology analysis.
  • The method is suitable for interrogating specific chromatin looping events.

Conclusions:

  • 4C-seq is a powerful tool for investigating the 3D genome.
  • Successful implementation requires careful experimental design and adherence to established procedures.