Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy for the Treatment of Spastic Triplegic Cerebral Palsy

Background Spastic triplegia is a recognized subtype of cerebral palsy (CP). In the course of treating spastic triplegic children with selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR), we found that some children who had "minimal or mild involvement" in the stronger arm improved strikingly after undergoing SDR. Some of them became independent ambulators, which was an outcome that is not usually achieved in spastic quadriplegic children. However, the literature currently contains no data on the natural clinical course and the effects of CP interventions on spastic triplegia. Objectives Our aim was to elucidate the clinical characteristics of spastic triplegia and the effects of SDR on functional outcomes and the quality of life after childhood SDR. Methods The Institutional Review Board of the Washington University School of Medicine approved this quality of life survey (number: 201908177). The subjects of this study were children and adults (ages: 3.9-23.8 years at the time of the survey completion; mean: 12.1 ± 5.1 years) with spastic triplegic CP who had undergone SDR (ages: 2.2-15.9 years; mean: 6.1 ± 3.2 years) between 2003 and 2018 at the St. Louis Children's Hospital. The follow-up period ranged from 1-16 years (mean: 6.0 ± 4.3 years). The study included a 76-patient cohort selected from a total of 253 spastic triplegic CP patients who had undergone SDR. All 253 patients were contacted via email or postal mail soliciting their participation in the study including the survey. The cohort included all patients who responded. The survey included questions on demographic information, quality of life, perceptions of health and the SDR procedure, motor and ambulatory functions, braces and orthotics, pain issues, side effects of SDR, and post-SDR treatment. Results Thirteen patients had presented with scissored gait, and these patients had undergone partial ventral rhizotomy (PVR) of L1-3 ventral roots immediately after the completion of SDR. Of note, 91% of 76 patients reported that SDR improved their quality of life, and 93% would recommend the procedure to other patients. After SDR, 21 more patients were able to run, 14 more played recreational sports, and 18 more could walk without using walking aids. Sixteen fewer patients used a wheelchair for long-distance walking and in crowds; 37 and 32 patients reported an improvement in the more affected arm and hand, respectively. Sixty-eight patients were able to regularly strengthened their muscles at least once a week, and 60 patients regularly stretched their legs. However, 53 patients required assistance with bathing or showering, 50 with getting dressed, and 56 with grooming or hygiene. Forty-eight patients had orthopedic surgery after SDR. Percutaneous hamstring-lengthening was the most common type of orthopedic surgery performed. Three of 13 patients who received PVR and SDR required adductor release. Six patients used medications for spasticity or dystonia. No late side effects of SDR were observed. Conclusions Our report elucidates the clinical features of spastic triplegia before and after SDR. A distinct clinical feature was the wide variation in ambulatory functions, ranging from total independent walking to wheelchair mobility. The vast majority of patients felt that SDR improved their motor functions and quality of life. PVR also resulted in favorable outcomes, with only three of 13 patients requiring additional adductor release surgery. There were no late complications related to SDR surgery.