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Related Concept Videos

Colloids and Suspensions01:17

Colloids and Suspensions

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...
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Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform distillation, we begin by heating a miscible mixture of two liquids with a significant difference in boiling points (at least 20°C). As the solution heats up and reaches the bubble point of the more volatile component, some molecules of the more volatile component transition into the gas phase and travel upward into the condenser, which is a glass tube...
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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Separating Beads and Cells in Multi-channel Microfluidic Devices Using Dielectrophoresis and Laminar Flow
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Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Crowded Environments.

Alain A M André1, Evan Spruijt1

  • 1Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|August 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Macromolecular crowding significantly influences biomolecular condensate formation via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Cellular phase separation may resemble segregative processes, not just attractive interactions.

Keywords:
crowdingintrinsically disordered proteinsliquid–liquid phase separationmembraneless organelles

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Biomolecular condensates organize cellular fluids like cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.
  • These non-membranous organelles often exhibit liquid-like properties mediated by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS).
  • LLPS is known to be sensitive to environmental factors like pH, temperature, and ionic strength.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the underappreciated role of macromolecular crowding on LLPS.
  • To explore how crowding affects phase boundaries, partitioning, and condensate properties.
  • To compare in vivo and in vitro LLPS studies to understand cellular phase separation mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on LLPS and macromolecular crowding.
  • Comparison of in vivo and in vitro experimental data.
  • Analysis of factors influencing LLPS in crowded environments.

Main Results:

  • Macromolecular crowding has profound, yet complex, effects on protein interactions and LLPS.
  • Crowding influences the phase boundaries, partitioning behavior, and physical properties of biomolecular condensates.
  • Evidence suggests cellular phase separation shares similarities with segregative phase separation.

Conclusions:

  • The role of macromolecular crowding in LLPS is critical and warrants further investigation.
  • Cellular phase separation may not solely depend on attractive interactions but also on segregative principles.
  • Understanding crowding effects is essential for comprehending condensate formation and function in vivo.