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Related Concept Videos

Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

779
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
779
Modeling in Therapy01:26

Modeling in Therapy

297
Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
Participant Modeling
Participant modeling involves therapists demonstrating calm and effective behaviors in...
297
Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

420
A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
Diagnostic Criteria and...
420
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

606
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
606
Social Anxiety Disorder01:28

Social Anxiety Disorder

282
Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is characterized by an intense fear of social situations where one might face humiliation, rejection, embarrassment, or negative evaluation. This disorder leads individuals to avoid activities like casual conversations, public speaking, or seemingly simple tasks such as eating, signing documents, or swimming, in public settings. Its impact extends beyond discomfort, often significantly interfering with daily functioning and quality of life.
282
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)01:27

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

651
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...
651

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 11, 2025

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos
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[Autism spectrum disorder and comorbidities].

Anna Kostiukow1, Włodzimierz Samborski1

  • 1Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Poznan, Poland.

Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski : Organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego
|August 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed solely by behavior. Currently, no biological tests exist for diagnosing or treating ASD, highlighting a significant gap in understanding this condition.

Keywords:
ASDautismtherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder Research

Background:

  • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined by social communication deficits and repetitive behaviors.
  • A significant comorbidity rate of ~75% exists for medical, genetic, or mental health conditions in individuals with ASD.
  • Current diagnostic and treatment approaches for ASD are limited by their reliance on behavioral observation alone.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the limitations of behavioral diagnostics in Autism Spectrum Disorder.
  • To underscore the absence of objective biological markers for ASD diagnosis and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (DSM-5).
  • Analysis of the co-occurrence of medical and mental health conditions in ASD.
  • Examination of current diagnostic and treatment paradigms for ASD.

Main Results:

  • Autism Spectrum Disorder diagnosis is exclusively based on behavioral observation.
  • No validated biological measurements (e.g., blood tests, scans) currently exist for ASD diagnosis.
  • High prevalence of co-occurring conditions in individuals with ASD presents diagnostic and treatment challenges.

Conclusions:

  • The lack of objective biological markers impedes accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder.
  • Future research should focus on identifying reliable biomarkers to improve ASD identification and management.
  • Addressing the high comorbidity rate is crucial for comprehensive care in Autism Spectrum Disorder.