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Updated: Dec 11, 2025

Towards Biomimicking Wood: Fabricated Free-standing Films of Nanocellulose, Lignin, and a Synthetic Polycation
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Bottom-up assembly of nanocellulose structures.

Elina Niinivaara1, Emily D Cranston2

  • 1Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-0076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.

Carbohydrate Polymers
|August 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This review explores bottom-up assembly of nanocelluloses (cellulose nanofibrils and cellulose nanocrystals) into diverse structures like films and hydrogels. It details forces driving assembly and potential industrial applications.

Keywords:
Bottom-up assembliesCellulose nanocrystalsCellulose nanofibrilsNanocelluloseStructures

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering

Background:

  • Nanocelluloses, including cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), are increasingly researched for commercial and industrial uses.
  • Understanding the assembly of nanocelluloses is crucial for harnessing their potential in advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review bottom-up techniques for creating nanocellulose-only structures.
  • To elucidate the intermolecular and surface forces governing nanocellulose assembly.
  • To discuss structural integrity, property enhancement, and potential applications of assembled nanocellulose structures.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on bottom-up self-assembly strategies.
  • Analysis of intermolecular and surface forces (e.g., hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces).
  • Categorization of assembled nanocellulose structures into six types: powders/beads/droplets, capsules, continuous fibers, films, hydrogels, and aerogels/foams.

Main Results:

  • Detailed examination of six distinct categories of nanocellulose-only structures.
  • Identification of key forces and interactions responsible for the formation and stability of these structures.
  • Exploration of pathways for property improvement and potential applications.

Conclusions:

  • Bottom-up assembly offers versatile routes to engineer nanocellulose structures with tailored properties.
  • The fundamental understanding of assembly forces is critical for advancing nanocellulose applications in diverse fields.
  • This review highlights the broad application potential of assembled nanocellulose structures beyond fundamental research.