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Amnesia is a condition marked by long-term memory loss, which impairs the ability to recall past events or create new memories.
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The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
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Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is the inability to recognize faces. In severe cases, individuals with prosopagnosia may not recognize close family members, including parents and spouses, by their faces. For instance, someone with prosopagnosia might walk past their child in a crowd, only realizing their mistake upon noticing their child's distinctive backpack or favorite jacket. Prosopagnosia specifically impairs facial recognition, while the recognition of other objects or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 11, 2025

Brain Infarct Segmentation and Registration on MRI or CT for Lesion-symptom Mapping
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Mapping mania symptoms based on focal brain damage.

Gonçalo Cotovio1,2,3, Daniel Talmasov4,5, J Bernardo Barahona-Corrêa1,2,3

  • 1Champalimaud Research and Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.

The Journal of Clinical Investigation
|August 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Focal brain damage can cause mania, offering insights into its neural basis. Lesions linked to mania exhibit distinct functional connectivity patterns, particularly involving the right orbitofrontal cortex, suggesting new therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
Bipolar disorderNeuroimagingNeurosciencePsychiatric diseases

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Mania, a core symptom of bipolar disorder, can also arise from focal brain damage.
  • Studying these cases provides valuable insights into the brain regions underlying mania and potential therapeutic interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify brain lesion locations associated with mania.
  • To investigate the functional connectivity patterns of these lesions.
  • To compare these patterns with non-mania-associated lesions and brain stimulation data.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search (n=41) to identify mania-associated lesions.
  • Mapping lesions onto a common brain atlas.
  • Computing functional connectivity using resting-state functional MRI (n=1000) and contrasting with control lesions (n=79).
  • Assessing reproducibility with independent cohorts and comparing with brain stimulation data.

Main Results:

  • Mania-associated lesions were diverse, without a single common region.
  • These lesions demonstrated unique functional connectivity to the right orbitofrontal cortex, right inferior temporal gyrus, and right frontal pole.
  • Connectivity profiles were reproducible and aligned with brain stimulation effects.

Conclusions:

  • Mania resulting from brain lesions is characterized by specific functional connectivity patterns.
  • These findings enhance our understanding of mania's localization within the brain.
  • The identified connectivity patterns highlight potential targets for therapeutic interventions.