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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

10.8K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
10.8K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

16.5K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 11, 2025

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Characteristic boundaries associated with three-dimensional twins in hexagonal metals.

Shujuan Wang1, Mingyu Gong1,2, Rodney J McCabe1

  • 1Material Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.

Science Advances
|August 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals new atomic structures of twin boundaries in magnesium, crucial for understanding metal deformation. These findings aid in controlling metal properties by modifying twin boundary structures.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography
  • Mechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Twinning is a key deformation mechanism in hexagonal close-packed (HCP) metals, influencing mechanical properties like work hardening.
  • Understanding the atomic structure and mobility of twin boundary facets is essential for controlling twin growth and metal plasticity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically characterize the atomic-scale structures of three-dimensional (3D) twin boundary facets in magnesium.
  • To provide experimental insights into the formation and motion mechanisms of these facets.

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was employed to observe and analyze twin boundary structures in magnesium.
  • Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to investigate the role of twinning dislocations in facet formation and motion.

Main Results:

  • Eight distinct characteristic facets of 3D twin boundaries in magnesium were identified and characterized.
  • Five of these observed facets represent novel, previously unreported experimental observations.
  • MD simulations indicated that twinning dislocations are associated with the formation and movement of these facets.

Conclusions:

  • This research provides a detailed atomic-level understanding of 3D twin structures in magnesium.
  • The findings offer a basis for developing strategies to control twin kinetics through targeted modification of twin boundary structures, such as solute segregation.