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Related Concept Videos

Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

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Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
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General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 11, 2025

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
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Essential elements of anaesthesia practice in ERAS programs.

Géraldine Pignot1, Clément Brun2, Maxime Tourret2

  • 1Department of Oncological Surgery 2, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009, Marseille, France. gg_pignot@yahoo.fr.

World Journal of Urology
|August 26, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Enhanced recovery pathways (ERAS) optimize anesthesia care through fluid management, short-acting drugs, PONV prevention, protective ventilation, and multimodal analgesia. These components are crucial for successful ERAS implementation.

Keywords:
AnaesthesiaAnalgesiaERASSurgeryUrology

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Surgical Care
  • Perioperative Medicine

Background:

  • Enhanced Recovery Pathways (ERAS) are protocols designed to optimize patient recovery after surgery.
  • ERAS protocols vary across institutions, necessitating a standardized approach to key anesthetic components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize the evidence for key anesthetic components within Enhanced Recovery Pathways (ERAS).
  • To provide guidance on hemodynamic optimization, drug selection, PONV prophylaxis, ventilation, and analgesia in ERAS.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review with critical appraisal.
  • Selection of meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and large prospective cohort studies.
  • Examination of English literature for each element of the perioperative treatment pathway.

Main Results:

  • Patients can consume clear fluids up to 2 hours before surgery; oral carbohydrate loading is recommended.
  • Individualized fluid and hemodynamic management, use of short-acting drugs, and careful monitoring are advised.
  • Protective ventilation with alveolar recruitment, multimodal opioid-sparing analgesia, and a combination of antiemetics with propofol-based TIVA are recommended to reduce PONV.

Conclusions:

  • Patient-specific evaluation and anesthetic planning are essential for ERAS adherence.
  • Optimal fluid management, short-acting drugs, PONV prevention, protective ventilation, and multimodal analgesia are foundational to ERAS anesthesia.