Characterization and Evaluation of the Solubility and Oral Bioavailability of Rutin-Ethanolate Solvate

Rutin has many biological activities, but poor solubility and absorption limit its oral application. This study aimed to investigate the characterization of metastable rutin-ethanolate and its solubility and oral bioavailability. In this research, a soluble rutin/CH₃CH₂OH solvate (Form Π) was prepared by solvent crystallization. High-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatograph, and ¹H-NMR showed that Form Π was formed by rutin and ethanol in a molar ratio of 1:1. The changes of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ¹H-NMR spectrum and the density functional theory (DFT) calculation predicted hydrogen bond formation between 4'-O of rutin and -OH of ethanol. The results of morphology, solid state CP/MAS ¹³C-NMR, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that Form Π is a novel polymorph that differs from Form Ι (rutin trihydrate). Form Π can be stored for a long time under sealed and dry conditions at 40°C but would gradually transform into Form Ι under humid conditions. Although Form Π is a new metastable polymorph relative to Form Ι, Form Π has better solubility and faster dissolution rate. Moreover, the bioavailability of Form Π was 2.04 times higher than that of Form Ι. This outcome implied that Form Π would be a prospective raw material of oral preparation.