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Updated: Dec 11, 2025
Synthesis of Core-shell Lanthanide-doped Upconversion Nanocrystals for Cellular Applications
Published on: November 10, 2017
Bright Infrared-to-Ultraviolet/Visible Upconversion in Small Alkaline Earth-Based Nanoparticles with Biocompatible
Stefan Fischer1, Chris Siefe1, Dayne F Swearer1
1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
Abstract:
Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) are promising candidates for photon-driven reactions, including light-triggered drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, and photocatalysis. Herein, we investigate the NIR-to-UV/visible emission of sub-15 nm alkaline-earth rare-earth fluoride UCNPs (M1-x Lnx F2+x, MLnF) with a CaF2 shell. We synthesize 8 alkaline-earth host materials doped with Yb3+ and Tm3+ , with alkaline-earth (M) spanning Ca, Sr, and Ba, MgSr, CaSr, CaBa, SrBa, and CaSrBa. We explore UCNP composition, size, and lanthanide doping-dependent emission, focusing on upconversion quantum yield (UCQY) and UV emission. UCQY values of 2.46 % at 250 W cm-2 are achieved with 14.5 nm SrLuF@CaF2 particles, with 7.3 % of total emission in the UV. In 10.9 nm SrYbF:1 %Tm3+ @CaF2 particles, UV emission increased to 9.9 % with UCQY at 1.14 %. We demonstrate dye degradation under NIR illumination using SrYbF:1 %Tm3+ @CaF2 , highlighting the efficiency of these UCNPs and their ability to trigger photoprocesses.
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