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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Various diagnostic tests are employed in the diagnostic process for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Upon diagnosis, managing Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) involves addressing several crucial aspects. The primary goals include resting the bowel, correcting malnutrition, and providing symptomatic relief. Resting the bowel may consist of medications to reduce inflammation and promote healing. Correcting malnutrition is essential, often requiring dietary adjustments and nutritional supplements. Symptomatic relief aims to ease pain, diarrhea, and other discomforts in IBD.
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Regulating metabolic inflammation by nutritional modulation.

Hugo Charles-Messance1, Kathleen A J Mitchelson2, Elena De Marco Castro2

  • 1Macrophage Homeostasis Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
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Metabolic inflammation, or metaflammation, is linked to obesity and increases risks for type 2 diabetes and NAFLD. Nutrition interventions may help rebalance this chronic inflammation and gut dysbiosis.

Keywords:
Metabolic inflammationNAFLDT2Dinnate immunitymicrobiotaobesitytrained immunity

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Metabolic inflammation (metaflammation) is a chronic, low-grade systemic inflammation characteristic of obesity-related metabolic disorders.
  • It is associated with increased risks for type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular disease.
  • Adverse dietary factors like saturated fatty acids and sugars can drive metaflammation, independent of obesity alone.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how nutrition interventions can reconfigure metaflammation in type 2 diabetes and NAFLD.
  • To examine the role of dietary triggers in metaflammation.
  • To investigate strategies for dampening systemic inflammation via immune cell reprogramming and microbiome correction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on metaflammation, IL-1β inflammation, and dietary stressors.
  • Analysis of how nutrition interventions impact metaflammation directly and indirectly through the gut microbiome.
  • Exploration of the link between obesity, diabetes, gut microbiota, and immune dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • Metaflammation is a distinct inflammatory state driven by specific dietary components.
  • Nutrition interventions show potential in modulating metaflammation by influencing innate immune cells and gut microbiota.
  • Obesity and diabetes are associated with gut dysbiosis and impaired immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting metaflammation through nutrition is a promising strategy for managing metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes and NAFLD.
  • Dietary interventions can potentially restore immune homeostasis and correct gut dysbiosis, thereby reducing systemic inflammation.
  • Further research into specific dietary strategies is warranted to alleviate metaflammation and its associated health risks.