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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Compensatory Limb Use and Behavioral Assessment of Motor Skill Learning Following Sensorimotor Cortex Injury in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke
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Intracortical Inhibition in the Affected Hemisphere in Limb Amputation.

Ludmilla Candido Santos1, Fernanda Gushken2, Gabriela Morelli Gadotti2

  • 1Laboratory of Neuromodulation & Center for Clinical Research Learning, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.

Frontiers in Neurology
|August 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Phantom limb pain (PLP) may involve motor cortex changes. This review found reduced short intracortical inhibition in amputees, but its link to pain remains unclear, requiring further research.

Keywords:
cortical silent periodlong intracortical inhibitionphantom limb painshort intracortical inhibitiontranscranial magnetic stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Pain Research

Background:

  • Phantom limb pain (PLP) affects a majority of amputees.
  • Motor cortex excitability changes are implicated in PLP.
  • The precise mechanisms underlying PLP are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review changes in motor cortex intracortical inhibition in amputees.
  • To investigate the relationship between altered cortical inhibition and PLP.
  • To assess the potential of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measures as diagnostic markers for PLP.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of four electronic databases.
  • Inclusion of seven studies using TMS to measure cortical inhibition (SICI, LICI, CSP).
  • Comparison of cortical excitability between affected and non-affected hemispheres or healthy controls.

Main Results:

  • Most studies indicated decreased short intracortical inhibition (SICI) in the affected hemisphere of amputees.
  • No studies correlated cortical disinhibition with PLP presence or intensity.
  • Significant variability in results was observed due to heterogeneous study designs.

Conclusions:

  • Decreased SICI in the affected hemisphere of amputees is suggested, but clinical correlation is lacking.
  • The diagnostic utility of SICI for PLP remains undetermined.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the role of reduced motor cortex inhibitory drive in PLP etiology and maintenance.