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Related Concept Videos

Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
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Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
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X-linked Traits01:19

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In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
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The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female...
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The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

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The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
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Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model
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Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

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Sex Differences in Melanoma.

Matthew Robert Schwartz1, Li Luo2, Marianne Berwick3

  • 1Anthropology Department and University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center.

Current Epidemiology Reports
|August 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biological factors, not behavior, likely explain sex differences in cutaneous melanoma incidence and mortality. Further research into immunity and hormones could reduce cancer rates in both sexes.

Keywords:
Melanomabehaviorbiologygeneticssexsun exposure

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology and Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Cutaneous melanoma exhibits notable sex differences in incidence and mortality.
  • Understanding these disparities is crucial for effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and elucidate the sex-based variations in cutaneous melanoma incidence and mortality.
  • To identify critical research questions regarding biological and behavioral factors.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive evaluation of existing biological and behavioral research on sex differences in melanoma.
  • Analysis of recent findings up to 2015.

Main Results:

  • Emerging evidence suggests biological variations, rather than behavioral differences, are primary drivers of sex disparities in melanoma.
  • Female immune systems and sex steroid hormones (e.g., estrogen receptor beta, testosterone) show differential roles in tumor aggressiveness and immunotherapy response.
  • While women generally engage in healthier behaviors, this doesn't fully account for incidence and mortality variations.

Conclusions:

  • Biological factors, including immune system evolution and sex hormones, warrant deeper investigation to explain melanoma sex disparities.
  • Understanding these biological mechanisms is key to developing targeted interventions to reduce melanoma incidence and mortality in both males and females.
  • Genetic factors, alongside biological and behavioral interactions, require further evaluation.