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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
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Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine
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Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine

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Antigen processing and presentation in cancer immunotherapy.

Maxwell Y Lee1, Jun W Jeon1, Cem Sievers1

  • 1NIDCD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer
|August 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Identifying T cell tumor antigens is crucial for developing immunotherapies like cancer vaccines. While in silico prediction is useful, experimental validation is key for reliable T cell antigen discovery.

Keywords:
T-lymphocytesantigen presentationantigensimmunotherapyneoplasm

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • T cell tumor antigens are vital for developing novel cancer immunotherapies, including T cell receptor-engineered adoptive cell transfer and personalized cancer vaccines.
  • Understanding antigen processing and presentation is essential for identifying these tumor antigens.
  • Current in silico tumor antigen prediction approaches have limitations that need addressing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex processes of antigen processing and presentation.
  • To discuss the limitations associated with current in silico tumor antigen prediction methods.
  • To highlight the importance of experimental validation in T cell tumor antigen identification.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive review of original articles was conducted.
  • The review focused on antigen processing and presentation, epitope discovery, and in silico T cell epitope prediction.
  • Experimental data on validated T cell tumor antigens were assessed.

Main Results:

  • Antigen processing and presentation involves intricate steps including proteasomal proteolysis, peptide transport, MHC class I loading, and cell surface presentation.
  • Several T cell tumor antigens have been experimentally validated in cancer patients.
  • Analysis of predicted MHC class I binding for validated antigens showed significant variability, with many exhibiting poor binding affinity (IC50 > 500 nM).

Conclusions:

  • Antigen processing and presentation is a complex biological process.
  • In silico epitope prediction tools offer valuable assistance but are not definitive.
  • Reliable identification of T cell tumor antigens necessitates comprehensive, patient-specific experimental testing and validation.