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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Catheterization II: Right Heart Catheterization01:21

Cardiac Catheterization II: Right Heart Catheterization

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Right Heart Catheterization: An OverviewRight heart catheterization is an invasive diagnostic procedure that measures right-sided cardiac and pulmonary artery pressures, calculates cardiac output, and identifies intracardiac shunts. It provides detailed hemodynamic data essential for diagnosing and managing various cardiovascular conditions, such as pulmonary hypertension.Access SitesCommon access sites for right heart catheterization include the internal jugular vein in the neck region, the...
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Cardiac Catheterization III: Left Heart Catheterization01:24

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Left heart catheterization is an invasive diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the function and structure of the left side of the heart. It is generally performed to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions such as valve abnormalities, coronary artery disease, and congenital heart defects.Diagnostic and therapeutic purposesLeft heart catheterization serves various diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Assessing coronary artery bypass grafts.Evaluating coronary artery disease in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Anatomical Reconstructions of the Human Cardiac Venous System using Contrast-computed Tomography of Perfusion-fixed Specimens
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Exclusively cephalic venous access for cardiac resynchronisation: A prospective multi-centre evaluation.

Idris Harding1, Nilanka Mannakkar1, Hanney Gonna1

  • 1Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, St. George's, University of London, London, UK.

Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : PACE
|August 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) implantation using only cephalic venous access is safe and efficient. This method is suitable for widespread use, reducing complications and procedure times.

Keywords:
Seldinger techniquecardiac resynchronisation therapycephalic veinpneumothoraxsubclavian veinvenous cut down

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Devices
  • Vascular Access

Background:

  • Previous studies suggest cephalic venous access is viable for cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT).
  • The suitability of this method for widespread clinical application requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the feasibility and safety of using exclusively cephalic venous access for all CRT device implants.
  • To compare outcomes, duration, and complications with traditional methods.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study involving 19 operators (including 11 trainees) across three centers over 8 years.
  • Collected data on access route, outcome, duration, and complications for 1091 attempted CRT implants using cephalic access.
  • Compared results with 105 CRT implants performed by experienced operators using non-cephalic methods.

Main Results:

  • Successful CRT implantation using cephalic access alone in 73.4% of cases (801/1091).
  • Cephalic access was used for 78.8% of all implanted leads (2468/3132).
  • Fewer complications (69/1091 vs 12/105) and no pneumothoraces were observed with cephalic implants. Shorter procedure and fluoroscopy times were noted.

Conclusions:

  • Cardiac resynchronisation therapy devices can be successfully implanted in a substantial majority of patients using exclusively cephalic venous access.
  • This approach offers a safe and efficient alternative for CRT device implantation.