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Proteoglycans01:05

Proteoglycans

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Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
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Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.  Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or degraded by the proteasome. However, in the case of a mutation or a disease, these proteins can accumulate to form large clusters and often further assemble to form elongated fibers, called fibrils. 
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Oligosaccharide Assembly01:24

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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
Multiple sugar molecules that may or may...
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Translation01:31

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Translation01:31

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Polysialylation and disease.

Chihiro Sato1, Ken Kitajima1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultral Sciences, Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.

Molecular Aspects of Medicine
|September 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polysialic acid (polySia, PSA) is a vital glycocalyx component in bacteria and vertebrates, linked to diseases and immune evasion. Its biosafe nature makes polySia and related molecules promising therapeutic agents.

Keywords:
Autism spectrum disorderBDNFBipolar disorderBrainDopamineMental disorderNeural cell adhesion moleculeNeurotrophic factorPolysialic acidPolysialyltransferaseST8SIA2SchizophreniaSialic acid

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Area of Science:

  • Glycoscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Polysialic acid (polySia, PSA) is a unique glycocalyx component found on bacterial and vertebrate cells.
  • Its biosynthesis in vertebrates is tightly regulated, influencing biological processes.
  • Dysregulation of polySia is implicated in diseases like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the occurrence, features, biosynthesis, and functions of polySia.
  • To focus on the role of polySia in related human diseases.
  • To highlight the therapeutic potential of polySia and associated molecules.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications on polysialic acid.
  • Analysis of polySia's structure, biosynthesis pathways, and biological functions.
  • Examination of the link between polySia expression/structure and various diseases.

Main Results:

  • PolySia serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against host immunity.
  • Impaired polySia expression is associated with neurological disorders and cancer.
  • PolySia is a biosafe material with therapeutic applications.

Conclusions:

  • PolySia plays diverse roles in both microbial pathogenesis and vertebrate biology.
  • Understanding polySia's function and regulation is crucial for disease understanding and therapeutic development.
  • PolySia and polySia-recognizing molecules represent a promising avenue for novel therapeutic strategies.