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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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Transcription01:10

Transcription

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Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
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Transcription01:17

Transcription

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Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

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RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
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DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation
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DNA Processing in the Context of Noncoding Transcription.

Uthra Gowthaman1, Desiré García-Pichardo1, Yu Jin1

  • 1Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Bülowsvej 21, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.

Trends in Biochemical Sciences
|September 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The act of transcribing long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) by RNA polymerase II influences nearby DNA functions and cellular responses. This review explores how noncoding DNA transcription impacts gene expression and biological processes.

Keywords:
DNA processingRNA polymerase II transcriptionantisense transcriptiongene regulationlong noncoding RNAtandem transcriptional interference

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Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro
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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Eukaryotic genomes contain non-protein-coding DNA transcribed into long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII).
  • The position of lncRNA relative to coding genes is linked to distinct molecular mechanisms controlling gene expression.
  • Noncoding transcription's impact on DNA processing and cellular responses is a key area of study.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biological significance of lncRNA transcription on nearby functional DNA units.
  • To highlight how noncoding transcription mediates cellular responses to environmental changes.
  • To clarify the interpretation of noncoding DNA functions through RNAPII transcription.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review integrating chromatin signaling.
  • Analysis of examples across several organisms.
  • Focus on the impact of the transcription process itself.

Main Results:

  • lncRNA transcription significantly impacts nearby DNA processing and functional units.
  • Noncoding transcription plays a role in mediating cellular responses to environmental stimuli.
  • The act of transcription provides a framework for understanding ncDNA functions.

Conclusions:

  • The process of lncRNA transcription is integral to regulating gene expression and cellular functions.
  • Understanding noncoding transcription is crucial for interpreting the roles of noncoding DNA.
  • Chromatin signaling and organism-specific examples provide insights into these regulatory mechanisms.