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Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Quantitative Detection of Trace Explosive Vapors by Programmed Temperature Desorption Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector
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Trace multi-class organic explosives analysis in complex matrices enabled using LEGO®-inspired clickable 3D-printed

Rachel C Irlam1, Cian Hughes2, Mark C Parkin3

  • 1Department Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford St., London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.

Journal of Chromatography. A
|September 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new, low-cost method uses 3D-printed solid phase extraction (SPE) blocks for trace explosives recovery. This innovative approach offers flexibility and improved analyte stability, outperforming commercial options in complex sample analysis.

Keywords:
3D printingComplex matricesForensic scienceHigh resolution mass spectrometrySolid phase extraction

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Trace explosives detection is critical for security.
  • Existing methods for explosives recovery can be costly and complex.
  • Need for adaptable and efficient sample preparation techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, cost-effective method for trace explosives recovery.
  • To evaluate 3D printing materials and technologies for solid phase extraction (SPE).
  • To assess the performance of 3D-printed SPE blocks in complex sample matrices.

Main Methods:

  • 3D printing (SLA, PolyJet, FDM) of miniaturized, connectable SPE blocks using various materials.
  • Evaluation of methacrylate-based resin for stability under different solvent and pH conditions.
  • Frit-free packing of sorbent particles into tapered SPE beds.
  • Analysis using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS).

Main Results:

  • Methacrylate-based resin demonstrated excellent stability for SPE applications.
  • 3D-printed SPE blocks showed comparable or superior performance to commercial cartridges.
  • High recovery rates (79% in blood, 71% in oil, 76% in soil) and excellent detection limits achieved.
  • Demonstrated efficient analyte enrichment and improved analyte stability on sorbent.

Conclusions:

  • 3D-printed SPE blocks offer a low-cost, on-demand solution for explosives detection.
  • This method provides enhanced flexibility for multiplexing and design alteration.
  • Potential for at-scene application in forensic investigations.