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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

2.0K
There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
2.0K
UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

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The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Dosimetry for Cell Irradiation using Orthovoltage 40-300 kV X-Ray Facilities
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Second window near-infrared dosimeter (NIR2D) system for radiation dosimetry.

Tae Jin Kim1,2, Kai Cheng1,2, Hao Zhang1

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America.

Physics in Medicine and Biology
|September 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary

A novel near-infrared window dosimeter (NIR2D) shows promise for real-time radiation detection. This scintillation dosimeter, using rare-earth nano-phosphors, demonstrates excellent linearity and dose rate independence for clinical beams.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Radiation Detection

Background:

  • Fiber-coupled scintillation dosimeters offer a cost-effective alternative to traditional ion chambers.
  • Optical fiber stem effects, like Cerenkov radiation, introduce significant errors in dosimetry readings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel second near-infrared window dosimeter (NIR2D) for real-time radiation detection in clinical megavoltage beams.
  • To evaluate the performance of the NIR2D system using both pre-clinical and clinical radiation sources.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized lanthanide-based NaYF4 nano-phosphors doped with erbium and cerium.
  • Designed a compact 3D printed reader with a photodetector and data acquisition system.
  • Tested dose linearity, dose rate dependency, and energy dependency using orthovoltage and megavoltage radiation sources.

Main Results:

  • The NIR2D demonstrated excellent dose linearity (R² > 0.99) and dose rate independency for 6 MV linac beams.
  • The system showed energy dependency, with a 9% readout drop between 6 and 15 MV.
  • Observed finite Cerenkov contributions (stem effects) ranging from 1%-6% under various conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The NIR2D shows potential as a real-time radiation detector for clinical applications.
  • Further optical setup enhancements are expected to improve scintillation signal and mitigate stem effects.