[Yellow fever is still a current threat ?]

Area of Science:

• * Infectious Diseases
• * Public Health
• * Tropical Medicine

Background:

• * Yellow fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease posing a current global health risk.
• * Endemic primarily in Africa, recent epidemics in South America, particularly Brazil, highlight its expanding threat.
• * The disease manifests as febrile hepatitis, potentially leading to severe hemorrhagic complications and fatality.

Purpose of the Study:

• * To assess the current threat of yellow fever globally.
• * To review diagnostic and treatment limitations.
• * To evaluate current prevention strategies, including vaccination efficacy and recommendations.

Main Methods:

• * Review of existing literature on yellow fever epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and prevention.
• * Analysis of World Health Organization (WHO) and national travel medicine guidelines.
• * Examination of data concerning the duration of vaccine-induced immunity.

Main Results:

• * Diagnosis relies on non-specific serological tests, and no curative treatment is available.
• * Prevention includes mosquito bite avoidance and a live attenuated vaccine.
• * Divergent data exist on the duration of protection from a single vaccine dose, leading to differing recommendations.

Conclusions:

• * Yellow fever continues to be a significant public health concern requiring ongoing vigilance.
• * Current diagnostic and therapeutic options are limited, underscoring the importance of prevention.
• * Further research is needed to clarify optimal yellow fever vaccination schedules for long-term protection.