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Related Concept Videos

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis01:28

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

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Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...
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ATP Synthase: Structure01:18

ATP Synthase: Structure

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ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...
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Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments01:18

Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments

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Cytoskeletal filaments are polymeric forms of smaller protein subunits. However, individual cytoskeletal filaments may easily disassemble or associate with other similar filaments to form rigid structures. Microfilaments, made of actin monomers, rely on actin-binding proteins to form bundles and create networks of individual actin filaments. Microtubules rely on microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to form sturdy cylindrical structures. However, the proteins involved in forming complex...
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Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...
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ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

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In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
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ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

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ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and...
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ATP-Responsive and ATP-Fueled Self-Assembling Systems and Materials.

Jie Deng1,2,3, Andreas Walther1,2,3,4

  • 1A3BMS Lab - Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|September 4, 2020
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Summary

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) fuels biological systems and is a key signaling molecule. Researchers are developing ATP-powered materials for advanced applications by mimicking nature's strategies.

Keywords:
ATP-fueled systemsATP-responsive systemsATP-templated systemslife-like materialsnon-equilibriumself-assembly

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • DNA Nanoscience
  • Biomaterials Science

Background:

  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a vital metabolite essential for cellular energy and signaling.
  • Natural systems effectively utilize ATP for energy transfer and biological communication.
  • Variations in ATP levels across cellular compartments and conditions drive interest in ATP-responsive systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advances in ATP-triggered and ATP-fueled self-assemblies and materials.
  • To explore emerging concepts in synthetic ATP-dependent systems.
  • To bridge supramolecular chemistry, DNA nanoscience, and non-equilibrium self-assembly for biomimetic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on ATP-responsive materials.
  • Discussion of concepts integrating equilibrium and non-equilibrium self-assembly.
  • Exploration of interdisciplinary approaches from fundamental science to applications.

Main Results:

  • ATP is increasingly recognized as a co-assembling component for stimuli-responsive and fuel-driven active materials.
  • Significant progress has been made in designing synthetic systems that utilize ATP as a trigger or fuel.
  • Cross-disciplinary integration shows promise for developing sophisticated ATP-dependent systems.

Conclusions:

  • ATP-fueled and triggered self-assemblies represent a rapidly growing field with significant potential.
  • Future developments aim to create synthetic systems that more closely mimic biological functions.
  • Interdisciplinary research is crucial for advancing ATP-dependent materials science.