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Exposure assessment: input into risk assessment.

M Lippmann1, G D Thurston

  • 1Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center, Tuxedo.

Archives of Environmental Health
|March 1, 1988
PubMed
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Accurate risk assessments depend on valid exposure data. This study highlights issues with current exposure metrics and models using case studies on ozone, sulfur oxides, and lead, suggesting improved assessment strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health Sciences
  • Toxicology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Risk assessment validity is fundamentally limited by the quality of exposure assessment.
  • A common issue is the scarcity of relevant exposure data and a lack of understanding regarding critical exposure dimensions and metrics.
  • This often results in an over-reliance on exposure models with questionable validity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To illustrate the challenges in identifying and interpreting relevant exposure metrics for epidemiologic studies and risk assessments.
  • To propose more accurate exposure metrics and models based on case study analyses.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of three case studies focusing on different environmental exposures: ozone, sulfur oxides and particulate matter, and lead.

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  • Evaluation of exposure metrics and their correlation with health outcomes.
  • Comparison of current exposure assessment practices with findings from case study data.

    • Main Results:

    • Ozone exposure effects on respiratory function indicate an appropriate averaging time of >= 6 hours, differing from the current 1-hour standard.
    • Sulfur oxides and particulate matter effects on morbidity/mortality are linked to aerosol acidity, suggesting acidity as a superior exposure index over SO2 or mass concentration.
    • Lead exposure below 35 micrograms/dL blood lead correlates with blood pressure changes in humans and animals, independent of other factors. Blood lead levels show variable relationships with environmental lead, highlighting issues with using biological markers as sole exposure indices.

    Conclusions:

    • Current exposure assessment practices and models often lack the necessary validity for robust risk assessment.
    • Specific exposure metrics, such as aerosol acidity for sulfur oxides/particulate matter and appropriate averaging times for ozone, are more relevant than currently used indices.
    • The use of biological markers like blood lead requires careful consideration of their variable relationship with environmental exposure levels.