Acute Renal Failure After the First Stage of a 2-Stage Exchange for Periprosthetic Joint Infection

Two-stage exchange using antibiotic-loaded spacers is a common approach in treating periprosthetic joint infections. Acute kidney injury (AKIN) can be a systemic complication of this procedure. This study investigates the prevalence of AKIN and identifies potential risk factors.

This is a single-center retrospective analysis of patients undergoing 2-stage exchange using a spacer in 285 patients treated between 2010 and 2017. Risk factors were evaluated using parametric and nonparametric analyses and a multivariate, binary logistic regression model.

Thirty-three percent of patients (95/285) developed an AKIN postoperatively. Twenty-four percent (23/95) of these patients had an acute on chronic kidney failure with a previously impaired renal function. In multivariate analysis, a higher age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.034; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1-1.068; P = .046) and a higher baseline creatinine level (HR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.237-3.052; P = .004) were risk factors for AKIN. Treatment with vancomycin in the spacer or systemically was not associated with AKIN while a high vancomycin blood level (HR, 1.91; 95% CI, 0.913-3.992; P = .086) and fungal infections were (HR, 3.482; 95% CI, 0.968-12.521; P = .056). Furthermore, in univariate analysis, a higher median Charlson comorbidity index (4 vs 3, P = .007), a lower preoperative hemoglobin (10.9 vs 11.7 g/dL, P = .008), and a higher number of blood transfusions (1 vs 0, P = .004) were associated with AKIN.

AKIN is common in patients undergoing 2-stage exchange. Associated patient factors, particularly in patients with chronic renal dysfunction, should be optimized. The general use of glycopeptide antibiotics was no risk factor for AKIN.