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Quality of Water

Quality of Water

In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment

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Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...

Testing Water Quality

Testing Water Quality

When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...

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Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Swimming Performance Assessment in Fishes

Swimming Performance Assessment in Fishes

Published on: May 20, 2011

Performance indicators for aquatic centres in Canada: Identification and selection using fuzzy based methods.

Sana Saleem¹, Husnain Haider², Guangji Hu³

¹School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna V1V 1V7, BC, Canada; Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research (IEER), University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore, Pakistan.

The Science of the Total Environment

|September 8, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a framework for assessing the sustainability of aquatic centres (ACs) in cold climates. It identifies key performance indicators (PIs) to guide improvements in water, energy, and operations management.

Keywords:

Aquatic centres Continuous performance improvement Performance assessment Performance indicators Sustainability

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Last Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Swimming Performance Assessment in Fishes

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Published on: May 20, 2011

Necropsy-based Wild Fish Health Assessment

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Published on: September 11, 2018

Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

Published on: July 24, 2016

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Sustainability Studies
Recreation Management

Background:

Aquatic centres (ACs) are increasingly popular in cold urban regions, yet their sustainability performance is often unassessed.
Previous research focused on isolated aspects like water quality or energy, lacking a holistic sustainability approach.
A systematic benchmarking framework is needed to evaluate the overall sustainability of ACs.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a comprehensive framework for benchmarking the sustainability performance of aquatic centres.
To identify and rank the most suitable performance indicators (PIs) for assessing AC sustainability.
To provide a structured method for improving resource allocation and operational efficiency in ACs.

Main Methods:

A hierarchical framework was developed with 81 performance indicators across seven key components.
Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy mean clustering were used to evaluate PIs based on expert opinions.
Expert opinions were gathered from Canadian aquatic centres regarding PI importance, measurability, and understandability.

Main Results:

A final set of 63 most suitable PIs were selected and ranked under 14 sub-criteria.
Fuzzy-based methods effectively managed subjective expert scoring and differing opinions.
The framework provides distinct performance indices for top-level and operational management.

Conclusions:

The selected PIs enable targeted resource allocation for short-term and long-term sustainability improvements in ACs.
This structured benchmarking process enhances the sustainability of aquatic centres in Canada and globally.
The framework supports data-driven decision-making for improving the environmental and operational performance of ACs.