Aerosol generation related to respiratory interventions and the effectiveness of a personal ventilation hood

To quantify aerosol generation from respiratory interventions and the effectiveness of their removal by a personal ventilation hood.

Determination of the aerosol particle generation (in a single, healthy volunteer in a clean room) associated with breathing, speaking, wet coughing, oxygen (O₂) 15 L/min via face mask, O₂ 60 L/min via nasal prongs, bilevel non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (BiPAP) and nebulisation with O₂ 10 L/min.

Aerosol generation was measured with two particle sizer and counter devices, focusing on aerosols 0.5-5 μm (human-generated aerosols), with and without the hood. An increase from baseline of less than 0.3 particles per mL was considered a low level of generation.

Comparisons of aerosol generation between different respiratory interventions. Effectiveness of aerosol reduction by a personal ventilation hood.

Results for the 0.5-5 μm aerosol range. Quiet breathing and talking demonstrated very low increase in aerosols (< 0.1 particles/mL). Aerosol generation was low for wet coughing (0.1 particles/mL), O₂ 15 L/min via face mask (0.18 particles/mL), and high flow nasal O₂ 60 L/min (0.24 particles/mL). Non-invasive ventilation generated moderate aerosols (29.7 particles/mL) and nebulisation very high aerosols (1086 particles/mL); the personal ventilation hood reduced the aerosol counts by 98% to 0.5 particles/mL and 8.9 particles/mL respectively.

In this human volunteer study, the administration of O₂ 15 L/min by face mask and 60 L/min nasal therapy did not increase aerosol generation beyond low levels. Non-invasive ventilation caused moderate aerosol generation and nebulisation therapy very high aerosol generation. The personal ventilation hood reduced the aerosol counts by at least 98%.