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Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
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CO2 reduction driven by a pH gradient.

Reuben Hudson1,2,3, Ruvan de Graaf4, Mari Strandoo Rodin4

  • 1Department of Chemistry, College of the Atlantic, Bar Harbor, ME 04609; rhudson@coa.edu vsojo@amnh.org.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|September 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists demonstrated abiotic formate production from CO2 and H2 using pH gradients and mineral catalysts. This finding supports early Earth hydrothermal vent theories for life

Keywords:
carbon fixationcatalysiselectrochemistrymembranesorigin of life

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Origin of Life Studies
  • Biogeochemistry

Background:

  • Organic molecule origins are key to understanding life's emergence.
  • Alkaline hydrothermal vents are proposed sites for prebiotic chemistry.
  • Abiotic CO2 reduction to formate is an essential but challenging step.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the abiotic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) using hydrogen (H2) under mild conditions.
  • To explore the role of pH gradients and mineral catalysts in driving this reaction.
  • To assess the feasibility of this process as a precursor to biological pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized microfluidic devices to create sustained pH gradients.
  • Employed inorganic iron-nickel sulfide (Fe(Ni)S) precipitates as catalysts.
  • Conducted isotopic labeling experiments (13C and 2H) to trace reaction mechanisms.
  • Varied experimental conditions (pH gradient, H2 presence, catalyst) to determine essential factors.

Main Results:

  • Successfully produced formate (HCOO-) from CO2 and H2 at room temperature and moderate pressure.
  • Confirmed formate production via 13C isotopic labeling.
  • Identified an electrochemical-cell mechanism involving Fe(Ni)S precipitates, not direct hydrogenation.
  • Demonstrated the necessity of pH gradients, H2, and the mineral catalyst for the reaction.

Conclusions:

  • Spatially separated, electrically coupled geochemical reactions can drive endergonic processes.
  • Abiotic formate synthesis in early Earth hydrothermal systems is feasible.
  • The findings have implications for understanding life's origins and for industrial applications in catalysis.