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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

3.6K
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
3.6K
Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

3.9K
Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
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Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

4.1K
After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
4.1K
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

1.8K
Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
1.8K
Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents00:49

Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents

4.6K
In gravimetry, the precipitant is chosen carefully to obtain a pure solid that can be easily filtered. Common inorganic precipitants can be used to determine several cations and anions. In some cases, the formation of the same precipitate can be used to determine the cation and the anion. For example, the reaction of barium and chromate ions to give barium chromate is used to determine both barium and chromate. However, precipitates such as hydroxides, oxalates, and metal ammonium phosphates...
4.6K

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Ultra-sharp pinnacles sculpted by natural convective dissolution.

Jinzi Mac Huang1, Joshua Tong1, Michael Shelley2,3

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Summary

Dissolving solids in liquid can form sharp spires, similar to natural karst stone forests. This process involves self-generated fluid flows that enhance dissolution, creating ultra-fine structures through an autogenic mechanism.

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dissolutionfluid–structure interactiongeomorphologynatural convectionstone forest

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Area of Science:

  • Geomorphology
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Natural landscapes feature intricate karst morphologies, such as stone forests with sharp pinnacles, formed by mineral dissolution.
  • The exact mechanisms behind the formation of these sharp spires are not fully understood due to complex environmental conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation of sharp spires from dissolving solids under simplified laboratory conditions.
  • To develop a mathematical model explaining the role of fluid dynamics in pinnacle formation.

Main Methods:

  • Laboratory experiments using solidified sugars dissolving in water.
  • Observation of fluid flow patterns along the dissolving solid boundary.
  • Development and simulation of a mathematical model linking dissolution, fluid flow, and shape evolution.

Main Results:

  • Needlelike pinnacles and "bed-of-nails" arrays robustly formed from smooth solids.
  • Dissolution-induced convective flows were observed, with dense fluid descending along the boundary.
  • Mathematical modeling and simulations confirmed a feedback loop driving shape evolution towards a singularity, limited by microscale features.

Conclusions:

  • A simple dissolution process in a closed system can robustly generate ultra-fine, sharp spires.
  • Autogenic convective flows play a crucial role in enhancing dissolution and shaping the solid.
  • This mechanism provides insight into the formation of natural karst pinnacles and other fine-scale geological structures.