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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

1.5K
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
1.5K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.7K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.7K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

1.5K
Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
1.5K
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

3.2K
The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
3.2K
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

1.5K
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
1.5K
G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

G-protein Coupled Receptors

132.0K
G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

How to Build a Vacuum Spring-transport Package for Spinning Rotor Gauges
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Hydrodynamic Spin-Coupling of Rotors.

Jesse Etan Smith1,2, Leif Ristroph2, Jun Zhang1,2,3

  • 1New York University, Department of Physics, New York, New York 10003, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|January 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We explored fluid-driven spin interactions between rotors. Counterrotation and surprising corotation modes were observed, revealing key transitions influenced by geometry, flow, and inertia.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Active matter physics
  • Hydrodynamics

Background:

  • Flow-mediated interactions are crucial in sedimentation and collective motion.
  • Rotational coupling is significant in active matter, biology, and engineering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish an experimental platform for studying fluid mechanical spin-coupling effects.
  • To map how interactions depend on proximity, confinement, and flow state.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated a two-body problem with a driven rotor and a passive rotor.
  • Utilized streamline analysis and a mechanical model.
  • Mapped interactions across varying proximity, confinement, and flow states.

Main Results:

  • Observed gearlike counterrotation and unexpected corotation modes.
  • Identified transitions between modes based on geometry, flow reconfiguration, and Reynolds number.
  • Demonstrated control over hydrodynamic spin-spin interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrodynamic spin-spin interactions can exhibit diverse modes.
  • Understanding these transitions is key for controlling and exploiting these interactions.
  • Findings have implications for active matter physics and engineering applications.