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Tumour budding in solid cancers.

Alessandro Lugli1, Inti Zlobec2, Martin D Berger3

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Tumour budding, defined as small cancer cell clusters at the invasive front, is a significant prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancer (CRC). Higher tumour budding counts correlate with poorer clinical outcomes and increased metastasis risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pathology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Tumour budding is an emerging prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancer (CRC) and other solid malignancies.
  • Tumour buds are defined as single cancer cells or clusters of up to four cells at the invasive tumour front.
  • While its prognostic value is established, its utility as a predictive biomarker is still under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of tumour budding in solid cancers.
  • To highlight the molecular and biological aspects of tumour budding, including its association with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the tumour microenvironment.
  • To describe the evidence supporting tumour budding as a biomarker across various solid cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and evidence on tumour budding.
  • Discussion of the International Tumour Budding Consensus Conference (ITBCC) 2016 scoring system for CRC.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms and tumour microenvironment interactions related to tumour budding.

Main Results:

  • Tumour budding is an independent predictor of lymph node metastasis in pT1 CRC and survival in stage II colon cancer.
  • A higher number of tumour buds consistently correlates with worse clinical outcomes across different cancer types.
  • Tumour budding is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and specific tumour microenvironment features.

Conclusions:

  • Tumour budding is a valuable prognostic biomarker in various solid cancers, including CRC.
  • Standardized scoring systems, like the ITBCC method, are crucial for clinical application.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the predictive potential of tumour budding.