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Related Concept Videos

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?01:26

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Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered the primary energy source in cells. However, energy can also be stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ion across the plasma membrane, which is determined by two factors: its chemical and electrical gradients.
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An electrochemical gradient is a fundamental concept in biology and chemistry. It regulates the movement of ions across cell membranes. This movement is influenced by two factors:
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In mathematics and physics, the gradient and del operator are fundamental concepts used to describe the behavior of functions and fields in space. The gradient is a mathematical operator that gives both the magnitude and direction of the maximum spatial rate of change. Consider a person standing on a mountain. The slope of the mountain at any given point is not defined unless it is quantified in a particular direction. For this reason, a "directional derivative" is defined, which is a vector...
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In gravimetry, the precipitant is chosen carefully to obtain a pure solid that can be easily filtered. Common inorganic precipitants can be used to determine several cations and anions. In some cases, the formation of the same precipitate can be used to determine the cation and the anion. For example, the reaction of barium and chromate ions to give barium chromate is used to determine both barium and chromate. However, precipitates such as hydroxides, oxalates, and metal ammonium phosphates...
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Creating Adhesive and Soluble Gradients for Imaging Cell Migration with Fluorescence Microscopy
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Surface-chemical and -morphological gradients.

Sara Morgenthaler1, Christian Zink1, Nicholas D Spencer1

  • 1Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. spencer@mat.ethz.ch.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surface gradients offer high-throughput investigation of interfacial phenomena. This review covers fabrication methods and applications for surface-chemical and morphological gradients across various scientific fields.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics, chemistry, materials science, and biology.
  • Interfacial phenomena investigation.

Background:

  • Surface gradients are powerful tools for high-throughput research.
  • Recent years have seen diverse methods for gradient fabrication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review principal fabrication approaches for surface-chemical and surface-morphological gradients.
  • To provide examples of gradient applications in various fields.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication methods based on diffusion.
  • Techniques involving time-dependent irradiation.
  • Approaches for creating gradual parameter changes across surfaces.

Main Results:

  • A wide variety of gradient fabrication methods have been developed.
  • These methods enable gradual changes in surface parameters.
  • Applications span multiple scientific disciplines.

Conclusions:

  • Surface gradients are essential for advancing interfacial science.
  • The reviewed methods provide a foundation for future research.
  • Gradient technology facilitates interdisciplinary scientific discovery.