Functional Change from Five to Fifteen Years after Traumatic Brain Injury.

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Rehabilitation Medicine
• Public Health

Background:

• Long-term functional outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) are not well-established in large cohorts.
• Understanding factors influencing sustained independence is crucial for TBI survivors.

Purpose of the Study:

• To assess functional outcome maintenance between 5 and 15 years post-TBI.
• To identify risk factors for functional decline in a large TBI cohort.

Main Methods:

• Utilized the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems cohort (n=1381).
• Assessed functional outcomes using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and Disability Rating Scale (DRS).
• Analyzed data from 5, 10, and 15 years post-injury.

Main Results:

• The majority of participants maintained functional independence over the 10-year period.
• Functional decline was observed in a minority of participants across FIM subscales (Self-Care, Mobility, Cognition) and DRS measures.
• Predictors of decline included older age (>25 years), lower education level, male sex, and longer rehabilitation stay.

Conclusions:

• Most TBI survivors maintain independence long-term, with aging and cognitive reserve being significant factors in functional loss.
• Risk stratification and targeted interventions may be necessary to support aging individuals with TBI.
• Future research should focus on proactive strategies for long-term TBI management.