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Related Concept Videos

Strain-Energy Density01:20

Strain-Energy Density

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Understanding the strain energy density in materials under axial load is crucial for evaluating their mechanical behavior and durability. When a rod is subjected to such a load, it elongates and stores energy, known as strain energy, as potential energy within the material. This energy is measured in terms of energy per unit volume.
In the elastic region of a material, the relationship between the stress and the strain is linear and follows Hooke's Law. The strain energy density in this region...
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Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses01:22

Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses

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Strain energy quantifies the energy stored within a material due to deformation under loading conditions, a fundamental concept in materials science and engineering. The strain energy can be modeled when a material is subjected to axial loading with uniformly distributed stress. In this scenario, the stress experienced by the material is the internal force divided by the cross-sectional area, and the strain induced is directly proportional to this stress through the modulus of elasticity.
If...
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Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses01:20

Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses

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As discussed in previous lessons, strain energy in a material is the energy stored when it is elastically deformed, a concept crucial in materials science and mechanical engineering. This energy results from the internal work done against the cohesive forces within the material. When a material undergoes shearing stress and corresponding shearing strain, the strain energy density, which is the energy stored per unit volume, is calculated. Within the elastic limit, where the stress is...
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Strain Energy01:13

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Strain energy is a fundamental concept in the field of materials science and structural engineering, describing the energy absorbed by a material or structure when it is deformed under load.
Consider a rod that is fixed at one end and subjected to an axial force at the free end. This axial force induces stress within the rod, leading to its elongation. As the axial force increases, so does the elongation of the rod, illustrating a direct relationship between the force applied and the resulting...
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Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity01:15

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Strain and Elastic Modulus01:15

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The quantity that describes the deformation of a body under stress is known as strain. Strain is given as a fractional change in either length, volume, or geometry under tensile, volume (also known as bulk), or shear stress, respectively, and is a dimensionless quantity. The strain experienced by a body under tensile or compressive stress is called tensile or compressive strain, respectively. In contrast, the strain experienced under bulk stress and shear stress is known as volume and shear...
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A Novel Stretching Platform for Applications in Cell and Tissue Mechanobiology
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Large-deformation strain energy density function for vascular smooth muscle cells.

Taylor M Rothermel1, Zaw Win1, Patrick W Alford1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.

Journal of Biomechanics
|September 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) exhibit surprising linearity under large strain. Their mechanical properties are anisotropic due to aligned cytoskeletons, becoming isotropic when contraction is inhibited.

Keywords:
AnisotropyArteryElasticityMechanobiology

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cellular Mechanics
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Vascular tissue shows significant mechanical nonlinearity at large strains.
  • Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are key cellular components of arteries, but their contribution to vessel mechanics is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the large-strain mechanical properties of individual VSMCs.
  • To determine the role of VSMC actomyosin cytoskeleton in vascular nonlinearity.
  • To develop constitutive models for VSMC mechanics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized cellular microbiaxial stretching (CμBS) to apply large strains to individual VSMCs.
  • Assessed mechanical properties with and without actomyosin contraction inhibition (using HA-1077).
  • Modified a Holzapfel-Gasser-Ogden strain energy function to model VSMC behavior.

Main Results:

  • VSMCs exhibit highly anisotropic mechanical properties due to aligned actomyosin cytoskeletons.
  • Inhibition of actomyosin contraction leads to nearly isotropic material properties.
  • VSMCs display surprisingly linear stress-strain behavior up to 60% stretch.

Conclusions:

  • The actomyosin cytoskeleton significantly influences VSMC mechanical anisotropy.
  • Individual VSMC behavior under large deformation is unexpectedly linear.
  • Updated constitutive models are necessary for accurate vascular mechanics and mechanobiology simulations.