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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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In the study of elastoplastic members subjected to bending moments, understanding the loading and unloading phases is crucial for assessing material behavior and structural integrity. During the loading phase, as the bending moment increases, the material initially responds elastically, adhering to Hooke's Law, where stress is directly proportional to strain. When the load exceeds the yield strength, plastic deformation occurs, resulting in permanent strain and deformation that remains even...
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The stiff elbow: Current concepts.

Giulia Masci1,2, Gianpiero Cazzato2,3, Giuseppe Milano4,5

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Orthopedic Reviews
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Elbow stiffness, a significant loss of movement, requires timely diagnosis and treatment. Management ranges from conservative methods to surgical interventions for complex cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Rehabilitation Science

Background:

  • Elbow stiffness is defined by restricted range of motion, impacting daily activities.
  • It stems from various causes including trauma, congenital conditions, and acquired factors.
  • Elbow joint complexity makes it susceptible to stiffness, posing treatment challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of elbow stiffness.
  • To discuss classification systems, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies.
  • To highlight the challenges in managing elbow stiffness.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on elbow stiffness.
  • Analysis of diagnostic methods including medical history, physical examination, and imaging.
  • Evaluation of conservative and surgical treatment options.

Main Results:

  • Elbow stiffness is characterized by loss of extension (>30°) and flexion (<120°).
  • Classifications by Kay, Morrey, and Vidal categorize stiffness based on structures, location, or severity.
  • Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical assessment and imaging.
  • Soft tissue changes like fibrosis contribute to reduced elasticity.
  • Preventive measures include immobilization and continuous passive motion.
  • Conservative treatments (splints, physical therapy) are used for recent cases (<6 months).
  • Surgical interventions (release, arthroplasty) are options for refractory or intrinsic stiffness.

Conclusions:

  • Elbow stiffness is a complex condition requiring a multi-faceted approach.
  • Effective management necessitates accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment plans.
  • The anatomical complexity of the elbow presents ongoing challenges for clinicians.