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The homogenate obtained after cell lysis contains various membrane-bound organelles that can be further separated into pure fractions by subcellular fractionation. These isolates are used to study specific cellular components, analyze localized protein activity, and are even employed in diagnostics. Fractionation is typically achieved using centrifugation methods, the most common being density-gradient and differential centrifugation.
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Centrifugation is a separation technique based on differences in density or size. It is commonly used to separate solids from aqueous interferents. During centrifugation, the sample is placed in centrifugation tubes and spun at high angular velocity, which allows centrifugal force to act differentially on the different densities or masses of the components. After spinning, the supernatant liquid is decanted. Depending on the specific application, either the pellet or the supernatant is retained...
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Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures
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Synchronized fractionation and phase separation in binary colloids.

Lian Dan Yao1, Hong Yu Chen1, Yan Shi1

  • 1Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China. zhangtianhui@suda.edu.cn.

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This study demonstrates reversible fractionation in binary colloids, enabling controlled self-assembly. Gradual supersaturation leads to particle separation into distinct crystal and liquid phases, mimicking biological processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Colloid and Interface Science
  • Materials Science
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Self-assembly in multicomponent mixtures requires particle fractionation.
  • Understanding phase separation is crucial for controlling material properties and biological organization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate reversible fractionation and crystallization in two-dimensional binary colloidal systems.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of synchronized fractionation and phase separation driven by tunable interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Inducing supersaturation in binary colloidal suspensions by enhancing interparticle attraction.
  • Studying the effects of rapid versus gradual supersaturation on particle distribution and phase behavior.
  • Analyzing quasistatic melting of gels to observe fractionation during phase transitions.

Main Results:

  • Deep, fast supersaturation resulted in gels with uniform binary particle distribution.
  • Gradual quasistatic supersaturation induced two-step crystallization, fractionating small and large particles into coexisting crystal and liquid phases.
  • Fractionation was also observed during the quasistatic melting of gels.

Conclusions:

  • Synchronized fractionation and phase separation are governed by the interplay between size-dependent repulsion and tunable attraction.
  • A robust mechanism for fractionation via phase separation was demonstrated.
  • Findings offer insights into the reversible formation of membraneless organelles in living cells.